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Protocols are nothing more than an agreed-upon way for two objects (people, computers, home appliances, and so on) to exchange information. There are protocols at various levels in the OSI model. In fact, it is the protocols at a particular level in the OSI model that provide that level’s functionality. Protocols that work together at one or more layers of the OSI model are known as a protocol stack or protocol suite . The following sections explain how network protocols move data between machines.

How Protocols Work

A protocol is a set of basic steps two or more parties perform according to a predefined or agreed-upon set of standards. A good example of a protocol that follows some unwritten but largely agreed-upon standards is a telephone conversation. When one person mcitp certification
places a phone call, they dial the number of another party. The person on the other end answers the phone and says something akin to “Hello,” at which point the calling party responds with a similar greeting. The conversation ensues from there. When the conversation is complete, ...
... each party (usually) ends the call with some parting words such as “Good-bye.” This telephone call followed a routine protocol:

In the realm of computers, a protocol follows the same concept. A protocol is a set of pre- defined standards that both computers must perform in the right order. For instance, for one computer to send a message to another computer, the first computer must perform the steps given in the following general example:

Break the data into small sections called packets (or segments , or another name depending on the layer involved).

Add addressing information to the packets, identifying the destination computer. Deliver the data to the network card for transmission over the network.

The receiving computer must perform these microsoft exam
steps: Accept the data from the network adapter card.

Remove the transmitting information that was added by the transmitting computer. Reassemble the packets of data into the original message.

Each computer needs to perform the same steps, in the same way and in the correct order, so that the data will arrive and be reassembled correctly. If one computer uses a protocol with different steps or even the same steps with different parameters (such as different sequencing, timing, or error correction), the two computers won’t be able to communicate with each other.