Use Group Policy Objects Within Active Directory To Specify

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The OSI model splits communication tasks into smaller pieces called subtasks. Protocol implementations are computer processes that handle these subtasks. Specific protocols fulfill subtasks at specific layers of the OSI model. When these protocols are grouped together to complete a whole task, the assemblage of code is called a protocol stack. The stack is just a group of protocols, arranged in layers, that implements mcsa certification an entire communication process. Each layer of the OSI model has a different protocol associated with it. When more than one protocol is needed to complete a communication process, the protocols are grouped together in a stack. An example of a protocol stack is TCP/IP, which is widely used by Unix and the Internet—the TCP and IP protocols are implemented at different OSI layers.

Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista include the Next Generation TCP/IP protocol stack, which is for both version 4 (IPv4) and version 6 (IPv6) of the Internet Protocol.

Why You Should Care about Protocol Stacks

It may not be incredibly clear right now why ...
... you should care about protocol stacks and the OSI model. However, the OSI model and the protocol stacks for Internet communication are the basis upon which the 70-642 exam is built. All things about today’s modern network stem from either the OSI or IP model.

Knowing the layers of both models is essential to sound troubleshooting, and though it may not be obvious as you trudge through this background material, knowing the OSI model will help when managing a Windows network. You’ll see additional examples of how knowing the OSI model helps when troubleshooting throughout this chapter.

Each layer in the protocol stack receives services from the layer below it and provides ser- vices to the layer above it. It can be better explained like this: layer N uses the services of the layer below it (layer N – 1) and provides services Mcitp to the layer above it (layer N + 1). For two computers to communicate, the same protocol stacks must be running on each computer. Each layer on both computers’ stacks must use compatible protocols in order for the machines to communicate with each other. The computers can have different operating systems and still be able to communicate if they are running the same protocol stacks. For example, a DOS machine running IP can communicate with a Macintosh machine running IP (see Figure 1.1).