Types Of Stomata As Cell Arrangement

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In Botany , are termed stomas to small holes or pores of the plants , located on the surface of their leaves . They consist of two large cells and occlusive guard cells surrounded by companions. The separation that occurs between two guard cells (which can be separated by the center held together at the ends) called "ostiole" regulates the total size of the pores and therefore the ability to exchange gases and loss of water plants. The stomata are the main participants in the photosynthesis , since for them gas exchange takes place mechanically, ie that this place does the oxygen (O 2 ) and enters carbon dioxide (CO 2 ).

They are used for gas exchange with the environment. The oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the environment through these pores. The acquisition of carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange are fundamental to the development processes of photosynthesis and plant respiration . However, the opening also results in loss of water from the plant in the form of steam through the process known as perspiration .
Therefore, the opening and closing of stomata is very finely regulated in the plant by environmental ...
... factors such as light , the concentration of carbon dioxide and water availability. According to research, it is known that some cations such as potassium and calcium and anions such as chloride are actively involved in opening and closing of stomata. In cases of drought (stress) stomata are closed preventing water leakage in the plant, which, however, also precludes gas exchange and consequently, the CO 2 atmosphere necessary for the nutrition of plants through the process of photosynthesis . That is why in regions xerophilous , stomata are often small or nonexistent, and also contain appreciable amounts of waxes , hairs and trichomes , which hinder the exit of water vapor .

The origin of stomata begins when a stem cell meristematic , undergoes asymmetric division, giving rise to a meristemoide and a larger sister cell. In turn, the divisions can still perform meristemoide asymmetrical or it may differentiate to become a guard mother cell. Finally, the guard cell division mother suffers a symmetrical pair differentiates into a mature guard cell around a stomatal opening.

The stomata are very common in aerial green parts of plants, particularly in the leaves. The roots and aerial parts of some plants devoid of chlorophyll have no stomata but if they have rhizomes. In submerged plants usually located in the upper leaf. The petals of the flowers often have stomata, sometimes non-functional. In green leaves appear on both sides or on one, either the upper or lower.
In most plants is more of stomata on the underside than on the beam, this is interpreted as a defense to prevent clogging the stomata on the disposal of dust.
Stomata occur in gas exchange with the atmosphere. Give access to carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis, expel the water vapor during perspiration. Stomata can close to prevent excessive water loss, as in the dry and in the hour of greatest heat.
Stomatal cells are the only epidermal cells that possess chloroplasts and have an elastic inner wall of greater thickness than outside. Important feature in the mechanism of opening and closing of stomata.
Anomocítico or Ranunculáceo : It has no attached cells, is most common in dicots and also the oldest.
Paracítico or Rubiáceo : Has appended 2 cells, arranged parallel with respect to the stops.
Anisocítico or cruciferous : It has 3 adjoining cells, 1 smaller. Also in Solanaceae .
Tetracytic : It has 4 subsidiary cells. Common in several families of monocotyledons as Araceae , Commelinaceae , Musaceae
Diacítico or Cariofiláceo : Has 2 cells attached perpendicular to the stops. Few families Caryophyllaceae , Acanthaceae .
Ciclocítico : It has many subsidiary cells arranged in one or two circles around the guard cells.
Helicocítico : It has several subsidiary cells arranged in a spiral around the stops.

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