Role Of Fertilizers

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The chemical industry is involved primarily in the production of nitrogenous fertilizers, which pass through the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen in the air. Are derived from ammonia urea and nitrate . Also involved in the manufacture of complex fertilizers. Compound fertilizers can be simple mixtures, sometimes carried by distributors (cooperatives or brokers).
There are many varieties of fertilizers are named according to its components. The simplest compost fertilizer contains only one principal . The compost is made ??up of two or more major nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) may contain any of the four secondary nutrients (calcium, magnesium, sodium and sulfur) or micronutrients (boron, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum and zinc) essential for the growth of plants, albeit in small quantities compared to the primary and secondary nutrients. The name of mineral fertilizers is normalized, referring to its three main components: NPK. Straight fertilizers may be nitrogen, phosphate or potash. Fertilizers are called binary NP or PK or NK, NPK ternaries. These letters are usually followed by numbers ...
... representing the respective proportions of the elements. Industrially produced chemical fertilizers contain a guaranteed minimum amount of nutrients, and is indicated in the sack.
For example, the formula 5-10-5 shows the proportion of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contained in fertilizers, with 5% N, 10% P 2 O 5 and 5 % K 2 O
The nitrogen supply is present as N and is given nitrogen as nitrate NO 3 , ammonium NH 4 or urea: storage difficulties as nitrate encourage retailers to move into fertilizer urea ammonium form.
Phosphorus is present in the form P 2 O 5 but provided in the form of calcium phosphate or ammonium.
Potassium is present in the form of K 2 O but provided in the form of chloride, nitrate and potassium sulfate .

Examples of straight fertilizers.
Urea (46% nitrogen), ammonia sulfate (HS, 21% nitrogen), the amonitro (AN, 33.5% nitrogen), nitrate of lime (CAN / NCA, up to 27% nitrogen) .
Single superphosphate (SP, 18% phosphorus) or triple superphosphate (TSP, 46% phosphorus).
Potassium chloride (60% potassium) only contains potash (K 2 O). Potassium sulphate (SOP, 50% K 2 O) also contains 18% sulfur.
Among the other common fertilizer that among the major nutrients, contain sulfur (S) include straight fertilizers: ammonium sulfate or SA which has a 24% sulfur and the SSP that has 12%.
Some examples of compound fertilizers.
Diammonium phosphate containing both N and P the most common formulas are 18-46-10 and 20-20-10.
Potassium nitrate containing both N and K

Fertilizers are generally incorporated into the soil, but may be also provided by the irrigation water. One particular technique, growing hydroponics , plants can feed with or without substrate. The roots are developed by a nutrient solution - more fertilizer water - circulating in contact with them. The composition and concentration of the solution must be constantly adjusted nutritious.
In certain cases, a part of fertilization can be performed by foliar, in spraying. Indeed, the leaves are capable of absorbing fertilizers, if they are soluble and the surface of the sheet remains wet for some time. This absorption is always limited in quantity. Are thus many trace elements can be provided so that, taking into account the small amounts required to plants.
Fertilizers should be used with caution: It is generally suggested.
Avoid excesses, it was certain thresholds additional contributions not only has no economic interest, but can be toxic to plants (including trace elements), and harm the environment.
Their effect on soil acidity.
Take into account possible interactions between the chemical elements.

The use of fertilizers involves two types of consequences that may entail health risks to humans and damage to ecosystems.
The most common health risk is the relative power consumption in water high in nitrates.
The most commonly cited environmental risk is the contamination of water supply or eutrophication of the waters, because if fertilizers, organic or mineral, are disseminated in an excessive amount to replenish the plant needs and if the holding capacity of the soil is not great, then the elements soluble layer reach the groundwater by infiltration or into water courses by dragging.
Generally, the consequences of the use of fertilizers, which may involve risks and are criticized, are:
Effects on fertility of soil , its structure, humus and biological activity.
Effects on erosion .
Effects linked to the nitrogen cycle and toxicity of nitrate in drinking water.
Effects related to the degradation of unused fertilizers that emit greenhouse gases to the atmosphere .
Effects linked to the phosphorus cycle .
Effects related to other nutrients (potassium, sulfur, magnesium, calcium, trace elements).
Effects linked to the presence of heavy metals ( cadmium , arsenic , fluoride ) or elements radioactive (significantly present in the phosphate, and pig slurry by heavy metals).
Effects on pests of crops.
Eutrophication of freshwater and marine.
Effects on product quality.
Pollution emitted by the fertilizer production industry.
Using renewable energy .
Depletion of mineral resources.
Indirect effects on the environment, the effect of intensive agriculture mechanization.

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