Analysis The Instructional Design Models

By Author: Abul Kashem
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Before we explore exactly what instructional design models are, it is essential to first explain instructional design itself. Instructional design, also referred to as Instructional Systems Design (ISD), is the process of creating instructional experiences which make the acquisition of knowledge and skill more efficient and effective. The instructional design discipline increased out of The second world war, when the U.S. military needed to quickly train large numbers of personnel to execute various tasks.

While the terms Instructional Technology and Educational Technology are often used interchangeably, they are not the exact same. The Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) specifies Instructional technology as "the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and helpful information on learning," while Educational Technology is described as “study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing proper technological processes and resources.”

With the key definitions ...
... now out of the way, let us examine instructional design models. First, a model is a reflection of a complex entity or phenomenon, whose purpose is to objective understanding of what it represents. Models help the instructional designer to visualize the problem at hand, and also to then to break it down into smaller, more controllable units.

It then follows that an instructional design model are frameworks for building training that enhance learning outcomes as well as motivates learner to acquire a deeper level of understanding. In other words, instructional design model tells instructional designers how to organize pedagogical situations in order to achieve instructional targets. It is important to note that effective instructional models are based on studying and instructional theories.

Models are classified into prescriptive and descriptive. Prescriptive models provide suggestions to organize and framework instructional activities while descriptive models explain the training environment and how it affects variables at play.

There are lots of instructional models which have been designed over the years, and most are based on the ADDIE model. ADDIE stands for Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation.

This systematic instructional design model contains five generic phases, which have been processed over the years in other models like the Dick and Carey Design Model and the Rapid Prototyping Model.

Typical examples of these instructional models include:
1) Merrill's First Principles of Instruction
2) Bloom's Learning Taxonomy
3) Kirkpatrick's 4 Levels of Training Evaluation
4) Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction
5) Kemp's Instructional Design Model
6) Keller’s ARCS Model of Motivational Design (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction)
7) ASSURE Model (Analyze Learners, State Objectives, Select Methods, Media, and Materials, Utilize Media and Materials, Require Learner Participation, and Evaluate and Revise)
8) Smith and Ragan Design Model; and
9) Rapid Prototyping Design Model.

This of course is a non-exhaustive list.

Worth focusing on to note is that in all models, the learner is (or should be) central to instructions. The learning situation is also of importance to positive instructional outcomes. This consists of instruction at all stages, i.e. K-12 education, adult learning, and higher education. Thus instructional design models are applicable to teachers, instructional designers, trainers, and college level instructors to mention a few.
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