The Formulaic Language

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The consensus in definitions seems to be that formulaic language sequences are multiword units of language which are stored in long-term memory as if they were single lexical units (Pawley and Syder 1983; Wray and Perkins 2000).

Hickey (1993) puts it most succinctly by noting that definitions of formulaic language units are often expressed in terms of processes, referring to multiword or multiform strings produced and recalled as a chunk like a single lexical item rather than being generated from individual items and rules.

In speech production, formulaic sequences may be uttered with phonological coherence (Coulmas 1979; Wray 2002, 2008), Cartier Jewelry with no internal pausing and a continuous intonation contour. Phonological reduction may be present as well, such as phonological fusion, reduction of syllables, and deletion of schwa.

These are common features of ...
... the utterance of the most high-frequency phrases in English, but much less so in low-frequency or more novelty constructed utterances, according to Bybee (2002).

Phonological reduction can be taken as evidence that 'much of the production of fluent speech proceeds by selecting prefabricated sequences of words' (Bybee 2002: 217).

Researchers have identified other conditions necessary for word combinations in speech to be considered formulaic. Two conditions, that the unit must be at least two morphemes long and cohere phonologically, are seen as necessary for formulaicity.

As well, formulas may outstrip other output in terms of length and complexity and be invariant in form and be used for specific situational purposes. Wray adds structure or form of the sequences as an additional criterion, and she notes that such strings often begin with conjunctions, articles, pronouns, prepositions, or discourse markers.

According to Wray and Perkins (2000), many formulaic sequences are not composed semantically, but are holistic items which may exhibit syntactic irregularity.

This may be manifest in two qualities: a restriction on manipulation, for example, one cannot pluralize 'beat around the bush' or passivize 'face the music' or say 'you slept a wink' or 'feeding you up'; the fact that, in formulaic language normal restrictions are flouted, such as the sequences which contain an intransitive verb direct object, for example, 'go the whole hog' or other gross violations of syntactic laws like 'by and large'.

Of most relevance to the Wholesale Jewelry identification of formulaic sequences in spoken language is Wray's statement that 'it may simply be that identification cannot be based on a single criterion, but rather needs to draw on a suite of features' .

Indeed, formulaic sequences cross a wide range in terms of form and function and may include idioms, proverbs, phrasal verbs, entire phrases or clauses, and collocations of varying length.

One key issue in the examination of formulaic language is the question of what is meant by 'produced or recalled as a whole'. According to Weinert (1995), perhaps formulas are recalled based on the linear surface order of their parts, or by their phonological units, following a particular type of lexical recall... first and last words of a unit might be most prominent in memory and act as triggers for total recall.

Alternatively, it could be that formulas are stored as 'cognitive bundles', retrieved in various ways, depending on their form, pragmatic aspects, and so on. It may be that, in accordance with the variability of automatic and controlled processing suggested by Kahnemann and Treisman (1984), there is a continuum of creative/formulaic-holistic processing, for example, different for different categories of formulas.

Or perhaps a formula is sometimes retrieved automatically, sometimes partially so, and sometimes by controlled processing.