6 Common Toenail Problems: Causes, Symptoms, And Treatment

By Author: Katerina Vlasova
Total Articles: 7
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Despite their small size, toenails play an important role in protecting the delicate tissues of the toes from damage and injury. However, due to constant pressure, friction, improperly chosen footwear, or inadequate foot care, they can often cause painful and uncomfortable conditions. Some of these conditions may seem minor, but if left untreated, they can lead to serious complications. In this article, we have gathered six of the most common toenail problems faced by people of all ages.

1. Ingrown toenails
An ingrown toenail is one of the most common and painful problems. This condition occurs when the edge of the nail plate begins to grow into the surrounding skin, causing inflammation, swelling, and pain. The main causes of ingrown toenails include:
- Incorrect toenail trimming (especially trimming too short or with a rounded line)
- Tight or uncomfortable shoes
- Damage to the toenail plate

If ingrown toenails are not treated on time, infection with pus and severe inflammation can occur. In mild cases, warm baths and antiseptics may be sufficient. However, if complications arise, a visit to a podiatry clinic ...
... for proper treatment is required.

2. Toenail fungus (Onychomycosis)
Onychomycosis is a fungal infection that affects the nail plate and underlying tissue. Infection is possible in public places (swimming pools, showers, gyms), especially if there are micro-injuries to the skin or nails. The main symptoms of nail fungus are:
- Thickening and yellowing of the nail
- Deformation
- Fragility and delamination
- Unpleasant odor

If left untreated, the fungus can spread to neighboring nails or the skin of the feet. Treatment requires time and patience: antifungal ointments, varnishes, and, in advanced cases, systemic medications are used. It's also important to disinfect shoes and socks to prevent reinfection.

3. Bruises and bleeding under the nail
Strong pressure or a blow to the toe can cause a hematoma to form under the nail, a dark spot caused by a pool of blood. This type of injury is often accompanied by severe pain, throbbing, and swelling. In some cases, the toenail may become darker and detach completely.

For minor injuries, rest and cooling are usually sufficient. However, if the pain is severe or the bleeding is extensive, medical attention may be required. Sometimes doctors drill a small hole in the nail to drain the accumulated blood and relieve pressure.

4. Onycholysis (Nail Detachment)
Onycholysis is a condition in which the nail plate begins to separate from the nail bed. This can be due to the following reasons:
- Injuries
- Fungal or bacterial infections
- Allergies to nail polish or pedicure products
- Thyroid problems
- Long-term use of certain medications

The toenail may change color, become brittle, and fall off. It is important to determine the cause of onycholysis: fungal infections require antifungal medications, injuries require rest and protection of the nail, and systemic diseases require treatment of the underlying condition. It is best to avoid nail polishes and chemicals until complete recovery.

5. Subungual wart
Subungual warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and often develop under the big toenail. In the early stages, they may not be visible, but as they grow, they begin to cause pain, especially when pressure is applied or when wearing shoes. Sometimes a wart deforms the nail plate or causes it to bulge.

Due to their location, subungual warts are difficult to treat. Treatment methods include cryotherapy (freezing with liquid nitrogen), laser removal, electrocoagulation, or the use of special acids. Self-medication is often ineffective; consulting a dermatologist is better.

6. Infection after a pedicure
Unscrupulous beauty salons can become a source of infection. Improperly handled instruments, a non-sterile bath, or damage to the cuticle during treatment can lead to infection with nail fungus or bacteria. Symptoms usually appear 1–2 weeks after a pedicure and include:
- Itching
- Redness of the skin around the nail
- Change in toenail color and shape

To reduce the risk, choose licensed salons with strict hygiene standards. You can also use personal tools. At the first signs of infection, you should consult a doctor – the sooner you start treatment, the easier it is to eliminate the problem.

The bottom line
Toenails require no less attention than the skin or joints of the foot. Many people ignore the first signs of problems, considering them insignificant. But without proper care and treatment, even a "harmless" ingrown toenail or fungus can lead to serious complications, including soft tissue infections, pain, and nail plate loss. If you notice changes in the color, shape, thickness, or texture of your nails, don't delay a visit to a specialist.