Ultrasonic Probe Sonicator

By Author: Ultraautosonic
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Ultrasonic liquid sonication, also known as ultrasonication or simply sonication, is a process that utilizes high-frequency sound waves to agitate, mix, disperse, or disrupt particles in a liquid medium. The sound waves are generated by an ultrasonic device, typically a transducer, which converts electrical energy into mechanical vibrations. During sonication, the transducer emits sound waves at frequencies above the human audible range, typically in the range of 20 kHz to several MHz. These high-frequency sound waves create alternating compression and rarefaction waves in the liquid, leading to the formation and collapse of microscopic bubbles in a phenomenon called cavitation.

Ultrasonic Generator: The process starts with an ultrasonic generator that produces high-frequency electrical signals. These signals are typically in the range of 20 kHz to several MHz.

Probe: The electrical signals from the generator are fed to a transducer, which converts them into mechanical vibrations. The transducer is usually made of piezoelectric material that expands and contracts rapidly in response to the electrical signals. The ...
... vibrations are then amplified and transmitted to a horn or probe.

Cavitation: The horn or probe, often made of titanium or stainless steel, focuses the mechanical vibrations into the liquid sample. As the ultrasonic waves pass through the liquid, they create alternating high-pressure and low-pressure cycles. In the low-pressure cycles, small
bubbles or voids called cavitation bubbles are formed.

Bubble Collapse: During the high-pressure cycles, the cavitation bubbles implode or collapse violently. This phenomenon is known as cavitation. The collapse of these bubbles generates localized hotspots with high temperatures and pressures, leading to intense shear forces and shock waves in the liquid.

Effects on the Liquid: The shear forces and shock waves generated by cavitation can result in several effects on the liquid sample, depending on the application. These effects include:-Disruption and Emulsification: Cavitation can break down larger particles or aggregates into smaller ones, resulting in dispersion and homogenization of the liquid. It is useful for emulsifying immiscible liquids, creating stable suspensions, and improving mixing efficiency. Extraction and Cell Disruption: The violent collapse of cavitation bubbles can also cause the release of intracellular contents from biological cells, facilitating extraction processes or cell disruption for further analysis. Degassing: Ultrasonic sonication can remove dissolved gases from liquids, such as degassing solvents or removing air bubbles from liquids for analysis or processing. Cleaning and Disinfection: The physical forces and chemical reactions induced by cavitation can aid in the cleaning and disinfection of surfaces or objects immersed in the liquid.

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