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Design Of Embedded Systems For High-speed Data Acquisition And Control

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By Author: Sukanya Bisht
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DESIGN OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS FOR HIGH-SPEED DATA ACQUISITION AND CONTROL


By Sukanya Bisht

INTRODUCTION
Engineers who need to design embedded systems for high-speed data acquisition and control systems. A minimal theory is presented along with an overview of analog and digital electronics, followed by a detailed discussion of key hardware design and software development issues.
software development discipline covers the most important programming techniques and culminates in an investigation into real-time operating systems. All concepts are introduced in an easily accessible way for practicing engineers, leading to practical implementations of embedded boards that can be used in various industrial fields as control systems and high-speed data acquisition systems.

Embedded Systems
An embedded system is a microprocessor-based computer hardware system with software designed to perform a dedicated function either as an independent system or as part of a larger system. Its core is an integrated circuit designed to perform computations for real-time operations.
Complexity ranges ...
... from a single microcontroller to an array of processors with attached peripherals and networks. From no user interface to complex graphical user interfaces. The complexity of embedded systems varies greatly depending on the task for which they are designed.
Embedded system applications range from digital clocks and microwaves to hybrid vehicles and avionics. Up to 98% of all manufactured microprocessors are used in embedded systems.
PCB Fabrication Process
PCB Development: PCB development can be defined as the process of transferring a circuit board design from design to manufacturing. This typically involves three phases: design, manufacturing, and testing. And for all but the simplest designs, this process is iterative with the goal of arriving at the highest quality design within the allotted development time.

PCB Manufacturing: PCB manufacturing is the construction of a PCB design. It is a two-step process that begins with circuit board manufacturing and ends with printed circuit board assembly (PCBA).

PCB Test: PCB test, also known as bring-up, is the third stage of PCB development. Do this after production. During, development tests are performed to evaluate the board's ability to perform its intended operational function. During this phase, bugs and areas that require design changes to improve performance are identified, and another cycle of integrating design changes is initiated.

Printed Circuit Board Assembly: Printed Circuit Board Assembly or PCBA is the second step or stage in PCB manufacturing, where board components are assembled onto a bare board by a soldering process.

Some of the basic steps in the embedded system design process are listed below.
1. Product Idea and Purpose
Potential needs for embedded products can come from manufacturers or customers. Engineers want to brainstorm how embedded products work and what benefits they bring. You also need to understand the price customers and manufacturers pay for embedded products.

2. Determining Overall Requirements
Engineers determine everything necessary for the product to function as intended. Here are the questions they ask: What functions do you need to perform? Size, weight, and cost limitations? You also need to determine the specific hardware your product will use.

3. Documentation Detailed Technical Specifications
Engineers are required to prepare a document detailing the technical specifications of the product. This includes, among other things, the functionality, environmental conditions, and manufacturing requirements that the product must meet.

4. Determine if the product requires a user display.
Some embedded products require a brief advertisement to provide the user with information about their operation. As part of evaluating product specifications, engineers want to determine if the product requires a user display. Depending on your needs, you should design a graphical user interface.

5. Developing Prototype
At this point, it's helpful to build a basic prototype to evaluate the hardware, identify the required components, and understand how they work together.

6. System Architecture Design
In this step, engineers design the overall architecture in which the product will operate. The questions they answer are:
How is the system powered? How is the product connected to the Internet? Do you need to include an operating system?
7. Operating System (OS) Selection The
Engineers will determine if the product requires a real-time operating system that processes inputs very quickly, under given time constraints. In this case, choose the real-time operating system that best fits your product. If not, you can choose the best non-real-time operating system.
8. Processor and Peripheral Selection
In addition to selecting the most suitable microprocessor or microcontroller for a product, engineers also select the necessary peripherals such as converters and drivers.

9. Choosing a Development Platform
Engineers also choose programming languages ​​and development tools when choosing a development platform for a product.
What is a Real-Time Operating System?
Simply put, an RTOS is software designed to efficiently manage central processing unit (CPU) time. This is especially relevant for time-critical embedded systems.

The main difference between an operating system such as Windows and the RTOS commonly found in embedded systems is the response time to external events. Normal operating systems attempt to remain responsive, but provide non-deterministic responses to events without guaranteeing when the event will be handled. User perception of operating system responsiveness is more important than performing basic tasks. On the other hand, the goal of RTOS is fast and more deterministic response.
Developers familiar with operating systems such as Windows and Linux are familiar with the peculiarities of embedded RTOSes. They are designed to run on systems with limited memory and work indefinitely without needing to be reset.
RTOSes are designed to respond quickly to events and work under heavy load, so they can be slow for large tasks compared to other operating systems.

Using RTOSes in Embedded Designs
Many embedded programmers hesitate to use RTOSes because they find their applications overly complex or uncharted territory. Normally the RTOS uses up to 5% CPU resources to do its job. There is always some resource penalty, but an RTOS can compensate for this in areas such as simplified determinism, ease of use through HW abstractions, reduced development time, and ease of debugging.
RTOS allows you to multitask as needed and incorporate basic connectivity, privacy, security, and more. An RTOS allows you to create optimized solutions for your project's specific needs.


Why KritiKal for Embedded and IoT Services?
As a premier Embedded Systems & IoT Software Development Company, KritiKal helps you to drive towards collective intelligence, and revenue growth and stay competitive in the market with our Embedded and IoT services. Endowed with a pool of highly talented engineers, we have built some revolutionary embedded systems including the custom electronic circuit board design and analysis and IoT products in the manufacturing industry by integrating hardware, firmware, and software development services. Through our Embedded and IoT solutions, product engineering, and R&D, we offer endless opportunities for enterprises to improve efficiency, transparency, security, and resilience from product conceptualization to development.
Summary
Using RTOS in Embedded Design, many embedded programmers are reluctant to use an RTOS. They think the application is too complex or uncharted territory. An RTOS typically consumes up to 5% of CPU resources to do its job. There is always some resource penalty, but an RTOS can offset this in areas such as simplified determinism, ease of use through HW abstractions, reduced development time, and ease of debugging. An RTOS allows you to multitask as needed and integrate basic connectivity, privacy, security, and more. An RTOS allows you to create optimized solutions for your project's specific needs. Microprocessors or microcontrollers used in embedded systems are generally not as sophisticated as general-purpose processors designed to manage multiple tasks. They often work in a simple, low-memory consumption program environment. Embedded system software, therefore, has specific hardware requirements and capabilities. It is tuned for specific hardware and has time and memory limitations. Programs and operating systems are typically stored in flash memory within embedded systems.
Likewise, an operating system or language platform specifically developed for embedded use when an RTOS is required. Today, lightweight versions of the Linux operating system or other operating systems such as embedded Java or Windows IoT are commonly adopted.

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