The Introduction Of Electronic Control

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Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of protective machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The develop-dent of automaton in American industry has been called the "Second Industrial Revolution".

Labor's concern over automation arises from uncertainly about its effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technological change is of no use. In the long run, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. Unquestionably, however, ...
... there will be major shifts ingots within plants, and displacement of labor from one industry to another.

The field of development economics is concerned with the causes of underdevelopment and with policies that may accelerate the rate of growth of per capita income. While these two concerns are related to each other, it is possible to devise policies that are likely to accelerate growth (through, for example, an analysis of the experiences of other developing countries) without fully understanding the causes of underdevelopment.

Studies of both the causes of underdevelopment and of policies and actions that may accel-jrate development are undertaken for a variety of reasons. There are those who are concerned with the developing countries on humanitarian grounds; that is, with the problem of helping the jeople of these countries to attain certain minimum material standards of living in terms of such actors as food, clothing, shelter, and nutrition. For them, low per capita income is the measure of the problem of poverty in a material sense. The aim of economic development is to improve the material standards of living by raising the absolute level of per capita incomes. Raising per capita incomes is also a stated objective of policy of the governments of all developing countries. For policymakers and economists attempting to achieve their governments' objectives, therefore, an understanding of economic development, especially in its policy dominions, is important. Finally, there are those who are concerned with economic development either because they believe it is what people in developing countries want or because they believe hat political stability can be assured only with satisfactory rates of economic growth.

These motives are not mutually exclusive. Since World War n many industrial countries have extended foreign aid to developing countries for a combination of humanitarian and political reasons.

Those who are concerned with political stability tend to see the low per capita incomes of the developing countries in relative terms; that is, in relation to the high per capita incomes of the developed countries. For them, even if a developing country is able to improve its material standards of Irving through a rise in the level of its per capita income, it may still be faced with the more between itself and the richer countries. (This effect arises simply from the operation of the arithmetic of growth on the large initial gap between the income levels of the developed and the underdeveloped countries.

As an example, an underdeveloped country with a per capita income of $ 100 and a developed country with a per capita income of $ 1,000 may be considered. The initial gap in their incomes is $ 900. Let the incomes in both countries grow at 5 percent. After one year, the income of the underdeveloped country is $ 105, and the income of the developed country is $ 1,050. The gap has widened to $ 945. The income of the underfed relapsed country would have to grow by 50 percent to maintain the same absolute gap of $ 900.) Although there was once in development economics a debate as to whether raising live-in standards or reducing the relative gap in living standards was the true desideratum of policy, experience during the 1960-1980 period convinced most observers that developing countries exiled, with appropriate policies, achieve sufficiently high rates of growth both to raise their hang standards fairly rapidly and to begin closing the gap.