What Is Cardiac Cycle And How It Works?

By Author: Dr Carl Stephens
Total Articles: 8
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The first cardiac cycle begins with the ventricular zone (VZ) in a slightly relaxed phase. Through diastole, more blood is flowing from the ventricular zone to the atria and partially fills the atria, moving via the ventricular muscle to the cavity surrounding the heart. Finally, at the end of diastole, the ventricular muscles relax and blood is pumped back into the left ventricular cavity.
As the heart-beat frequency continues to increase, more energy is required for the pumping action. Cardiac action potential (PA), is the product of the action potential and cardiac rate in the presence of gravity. As the heart's FSR increases, so do the EP. It is this increase in EP that causes the changes noted in refractory symptoms. The cause of refractory symptoms is the failure of the heart to maintain a constant internal environment that ensures a constant heartbeat rate and sufficient cardiac reserve to ensure the refractory period.
As stated previously, the first part of the Cardiac Cycle is the Atriovascular stage. This is the ...
... point in time when the heart is pumping blood to the different parts of the body. As mentioned earlier, this starts when the ventricular relaxation occurs. This is the first step in the Atriovascular stage. At this point, the ventricular relaxation is actually being stimulated by outside factors such as gravity, increased blood pressure, and an increase in heart rate.
As the LV reaches its maximum contraction, the muscular activity increases and the heart has to work harder to maintain the same heart rate and rhythm. At this point, the EP starts to relax even more due to the muscular activity. The second part of the cardiac cycle happens now. This is called the External Circulatory System or the ECOS. In this phase, it is important that the autonomic neurobiological mechanisms are working well and there is enough oxygen supply.
During this stage, the cardiac cycle is actually divided into four distinct phases. The first is the Relaxation Phase. This is the stage where the heart is at its lowest cardiac potential and is being maintained by the body's relaxation and cooling processes. The heart rate is slow and relaxed, the blood pressure is low and the heart muscle continues to relax, allowing it to pump blood more efficiently, and to form contractions that fill the chamber.
The second stage is the Anterior Organs State, which is also known as the active phase. At this time, the body's sympathetic nervous system controls the cardiovascular functions by stimulating the heart muscle. The heart starts pumping blood faster and although it is not pumping maximum blood, there is enough to keep the body alive. The third stage, called the Sub-ambulant phase, occurs when the heart has returned to the level of the rest but is not yet completely relaxed. The fourth stage is called the Ventricular State and occurs when there is enough oxygen in the chamber and the heart has stopped pumping blood.
At the end of the cardiac cycle, we have three stages, called the Interval Period, the Sudden Cardiac Death Syndrome, and the Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotoxicity. These three different phases occur because of the way the heart muscles work, the left ventricular pressure that was achieved after the relaxation phase, and the blood volume that was exceeded during the period of the second ventricular cycle. The sudden cardiac death syndrome (SCD) happens because of the increased left ventricular pressure from the increase in heart muscle heart output and the low blood volume from the cardiac arrest.
Although it seems simple, the cardiac cycle is actually a complex process and understanding its cycles is not as simple as ABC. There are three distinct phases, each divided into three different parts. If one part fizzles out or goes into reverse, we can be certain that something else went wrong.

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