Advanced Stem Cell And Developmental Biology|experimental Design - Pubrica

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In brief:

Recent research studies have been made with the aim to understand development biology and treat human diseases:
• Neural development
• Pancreatic progenitors
• Skeletal muscle regeneration
• Brain development in genetic disorders
• Trophoblast related pathologies
• Somatic stem cells

Designing an Experiment in Stem Cell Research:

Stem cell researches involve manipulation and transplantation of stem cells in vivo to restore missing cells. The successful reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), which resembles embryonic stem cells (ESC) has opened interesting strategies for cell replacement and tissue regeneration. The required cell type can be differentiated in vitro from expandable progenitors and transplanted in the organ that requires, functionally integrate into the deficient organ.
iPSCs derived podocytes when transplanted, survive in recipient newborn mouse kidneys which may be due to immature and immune-privileged nature of developing postnatal kidneys. To study kidney development, disease ...
... and regeneration, scientists have reported the establishment of a reproducible, simple and efficient research protocol for directed differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into ureteric bud (UB) progenitor cells. In the area of pancreas development, a critical study reveals that oscillating Notch activity which is regulated by Jagged 1, is required to coordinate the growth and fate of multipotent pancreatic progenitors (Seymour et al., 2020).

Bulk RNA sequencing method has been used to understand the genetic program of murine lung primordial progenitors in vivo, also identify pathways (Wnt, TGFβ) that regulate their cell fate. Overall, this method can be used to derive bonafide tissue progenitors of all germ layers in vitro (Ikonomou et al., 2020). Medical Researchers have engineered Alveolar Epithelial type 2 cells from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) in vitro and profiled their differentiation kinetics using time series single-cell RNA sequencing with lentiviral barcoding.

A recent report suggested the use of 2-dimensional extended culture system which provides a new method to expand the number of human primordial germ-like cells for transplantation, molecular screening, downstream techniques or differentiation of these cells into gametes by in vitro gametogenesis. This culture system promotes cell proliferation, partial epigenetic programming, genome-wide reduction in DNA methylation, and maintenance of H3K9me2 depletion (Gell et al., 2020). A culture niche more close to embryonic niche can be created by studying signalling mechanisms in human blastocysts (Wamaitha et al., 2020).

Organoid culture:

Organoid culture has gained much importance in developmental biology and tissue regeneration. It is a tissue culture method used to grow three-dimensional functional organoids from a group of cells along with a combination of biochemical factors.

Disease-related research:

Wnt and TGFβ signalling pathways cooperatively ensure the early dopaminergic differentiation of the USSC adult stem cells, helping in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (Akhlaghpour, Parvaneh Tafreshi, Roussa, Bernard, & Zeynali, 2020).

Limitations:

The risks include tumour formation, immune rejection of transplanted cells, and occasional inappropriate stem cell migration. They must be minimized before providing patients with this therapeutic option. These limitations should be overcome by further research on the effectiveness of these therapy in regenerative and regenerative therapies. The mechanism by which the disease arises and various treatment options can be understood through these researches.

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